The Strategic Imperative of Eco-Friendly Military Technologies in 21st Century Defense – TRENDS Research & Advisory

Report on the Strategic Imperative of Eco-Friendly Military Technologies and the Sustainable Development Goals

Introduction: Aligning 21st Century Defense with Global Sustainability Mandates

Contemporary military doctrine is undergoing a fundamental reevaluation, driven by the necessity to align defense capabilities with global environmental sustainability commitments. The armed forces’ traditional focus on combat readiness is now being integrated with ecological responsibility, reflecting a broader understanding that national security is intrinsically linked to environmental stability. This shift addresses the significant ecological footprint of military operations, from resource-intensive supply chains to greenhouse gas emissions, and positions the defense sector as a critical actor in achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The integration of eco-friendly technologies is no longer a peripheral concern but a strategic necessity. This report outlines how sustainable innovations enhance military effectiveness, logistical resilience, and geopolitical legitimacy, with a direct focus on contributions to the following SDGs:

• SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy): Reducing reliance on fossil fuels through renewable energy and electrification.
• SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure): Fostering sustainable innovation in defense manufacturing and building resilient infrastructure.
• SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production): Implementing circular economy principles and reducing waste in military supply chains.
• SDG 13 (Climate Action): Mitigating the carbon footprint of military operations and adapting to climate-related security threats.
• SDG 15 (Life on Land): Minimizing environmental degradation from training and combat through biodegradable materials and non-toxic substances.
• SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions): Enhancing strategic legitimacy and international cooperation through responsible military conduct.
• SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals): Promoting collaboration between nations and public-private sectors to advance sustainable defense solutions.

The Technological Shift Toward Sustainable Defense

Advancements in Eco-Friendly Military Systems

The defense sector is actively developing and deploying technologies that align operational effectiveness with environmental stewardship. These innovations provide tactical advantages while supporting key SDGs.

• Biodegradable Munitions: Compostable training ammunition and other projectiles are being developed to mitigate long-term environmental contamination. This directly supports SDG 15 (Life on Land) by reducing soil and water pollution in training areas and former conflict zones.
• Environmentally Safe Propellants: The use of non-toxic propellants reduces harmful chemical exposure for personnel and minimizes ecological damage, contributing to both occupational health and the objectives of SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production).
• Electric and Hybrid Military Vehicles: The electrification of tactical and armored vehicles offers significant operational benefits, including reduced thermal and acoustic signatures for improved stealth. This transition is a core component of achieving SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action) by lowering fossil fuel consumption and emissions.

Case Studies in Sustainable Military Implementation

Despite initial skepticism regarding cost and performance, leading defense organizations have demonstrated the viability and strategic benefits of sustainable technologies through dedicated programs.

1. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD): Through its Sustainable Technology Evaluation and Demonstration (STED) initiative, the DoD has validated numerous green innovations. A bio-based cleaner, lubricant, and preservative reduced firearm maintenance time by 50% and improved weapon reliability. Furthermore, the development of the H2Rescue hydrogen fuel-cell vehicle demonstrates a commitment to SDG 7 and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) by providing zero-emission power for disaster relief and potential field deployments.
2. NATO’s Smart Energy Program: This initiative focuses on reducing the logistical burden of fuel convoys, which are significant vulnerabilities in conflict zones. By integrating solar power, battery storage, and hybrid-electric vehicles into frontline operations, NATO enhances energy security and operational autonomy. This program is a prime example of advancing SDG 7 to strengthen mission resilience and contribute to SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions).
3. International Partner Initiatives: Member states are also making significant strides. The Swedish Armed Forces successfully tested biofuel in the JAS 39 Gripen fighter jet, while the UK military is advancing trials of electric armored vehicles. These efforts underscore a collective move toward sustainable defense, fostering international cooperation in line with SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals).

Integrating Sustainability into Defense Supply Chains

Promoting Responsible Production and Consumption

True military sustainability begins long before the battlefield, embedded within research, development, and procurement. Adopting green principles in defense logistics strengthens supply chain resilience and aligns the industry with global sustainability targets.

• Lifecycle Assessments (LCAs): Defense industries are increasingly using LCAs to evaluate the environmental impact of equipment from creation to disposal. This practice is fundamental to achieving SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) by identifying opportunities to reduce waste and energy consumption.
• Corporate Leadership in Sustainability: Major defense contractors are integrating sustainable practices. BAE Systems utilizes low-energy manufacturing, while Rheinmetall applies circular economy principles to reprocess composite materials. Startups like Uplift360 are developing methods to recycle body armor, turning waste into valuable resources and reducing reliance on new materials, directly supporting SDG 9 and SDG 12.

Policy Frameworks Driving the Green Transition

Governmental and intergovernmental policies are mandating the integration of sustainability into defense procurement, creating a market for eco-friendly innovation.

1. European Union (EU): Through frameworks like the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) and the European Defence Fund (EDF), the EU has embedded environmental requirements into defense contracts. The “Strategic Compass 2025” further enforces these standards, ensuring that new military projects contribute to the bloc’s climate goals under SDG 13.
2. United Kingdom (UK): The Ministry of Defence’s “Climate Change and Sustainability Strategic Framework” mandates the adoption of green technologies. Project Prometheus, which involves installing solar arrays on military bases, enhances energy independence and supports SDG 7.
3. NATO: The alliance has set an ambitious goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050, signaling a long-term commitment to SDG 13 that will guide the procurement and operational planning of all member nations.

Eco-Deterrence: Enhancing Strategic Legitimacy and Global Partnerships

Environmental Responsibility as a Geopolitical Asset

The concept of “eco-deterrence” posits that military forces demonstrating environmental leadership gain strategic legitimacy and diplomatic influence. By aligning defense policy with global climate objectives, nations can strengthen alliances and enhance their international standing, thereby contributing to SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions).

• United Nations Peacekeeping: The UN has integrated environmental accountability into its peacekeeping missions, using solar power for camps and implementing wastewater recycling. These actions improve mission sustainability and align operations with the 2030 Agenda, particularly SDG 13 and SDG 16.
• Nordic and French Strategies: Nordic countries have collectively used their leadership in environmental policy as a diplomatic tool, promoting sustainable military practices to strengthen regional partnerships. France’s Operational Energy Transition Strategy aims to increase strategic autonomy by adopting renewable energy, showcasing a commitment to both national security and global climate action.
• Initiatives from the Global South: Brazil’s “Projeto Verde Brasil” demonstrates how military assets can be used for environmental protection, with the army assisting in monitoring and combating deforestation in the Amazon. This initiative directly addresses SDG 15 (Life on Land) and shows the growing global consensus on the military’s role in environmental stewardship.

Conclusion: The Strategic Necessity of Sustainable Defense

The integration of sustainability into military operations has transitioned from an ethical consideration to a core strategic imperative. Eco-friendly technologies and practices enhance operational readiness, logistical resilience, and battlefield effectiveness. As demonstrated by initiatives from the U.S. DoD, NATO, and other global partners, sustainable defense is not only feasible but actively underway.

By aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals, armed forces can reduce their environmental impact while strengthening their primary mission. This transformation reinforces diplomatic credibility, builds stronger international partnerships (SDG 17), and ensures that the defense sector is a responsible and forward-looking institution prepared for the complex security challenges of the 21st century. Investing in sustainable defense is a strategic choice grounded in the necessity of building a more secure and resilient future for all.

1. Which SDGs are addressed or connected to the issues highlighted in the article?

• SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

  The article extensively discusses the military’s shift from fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources. It highlights initiatives like NATO’s Smart Energy Program, the use of biofuels, solar power setups, lithium-ion batteries, hydrogen fuel cells (H2Rescue), and the development of hybrid-electric military vehicles. This directly aligns with ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy.

• SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

  The core theme of the article is the technological innovation within the defense industry to create sustainable and resilient infrastructure. It details advancements like compostable munitions, eco-friendly propellants, electric vehicles, and sustainable construction methods. The focus on R&D, upgrading technology (U.S. DoD’s STED initiative), and creating resilient supply chains is central to this goal.

• SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

  The article addresses sustainable production patterns by mentioning lifecycle assessments (LCAs) to evaluate environmental impact, the adoption of circular economy principles (Rheinmetall’s reprocessing of composites, Uplift360’s recycling of Kevlar vests), and the reduction of waste. The development of biodegradable munitions and non-toxic propellants also aims to manage chemicals and waste responsibly.

• SDG 13: Climate Action

  The entire premise of the article is a response to climate change. It discusses the need for militaries to reduce their ecological footprint and greenhouse gas output. It mentions specific climate strategies and goals, such as NATO’s aim for carbon neutrality by 2050, the UAE Armed Forces’ climate strategy, and the EU’s and UK’s defense policies that integrate climate change considerations to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity.

• SDG 15: Life on Land

  The article connects military activities to the protection of terrestrial ecosystems. The use of biodegradable munitions and non-toxic propellants is cited as a way to minimize pollution and environmental harm in training areas and battlegrounds. Furthermore, Brazil’s “Projeto Verde Brasil” is a direct example of the military being used to aid in deforestation control and ecological monitoring in the Amazon.

• SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

  The article introduces the concept of “eco-deterrence,” where environmental responsibility enhances the strategic legitimacy and credibility of military institutions. It argues that by adopting sustainable practices, armed forces become more accountable and are seen as reliable global partners. The reference to UN Peacekeeping missions incorporating ecological accountability to improve mission effectiveness and support stable governance directly links to building effective and transparent institutions.

• SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals

  The article is replete with examples of partnerships to achieve sustainability goals. These include multinational collaborations (NATO, EU, Nordic states), public-public partnerships (U.S. DoD and Department of Energy on H2Rescue), and public-private ventures (UK’s Defence and Security Accelerator funding the startup Uplift360). These partnerships are shown to be crucial for sharing technology, setting standards, and driving innovation in sustainable defense.

2. What specific targets under those SDGs can be identified based on the article’s content?

1. SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

   • Target 7.2: By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.

     This is identified through mentions of NATO’s program to merge solar power setups, the Swedish Armed Forces testing biofuels in jets, the UK’s Project Prometheus installing solar panels on military sites, and the development of hydrogen fuel-cell units (H2Rescue).

   • Target 7.3: By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency.

     This is shown by the development of energy-efficient entry systems that could save the DoD $170 million annually, the use of LED alternatives to chemiluminescent devices, and the overall goal of reducing fuel consumption through hybrid-electric vehicles and other technologies.

2. SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

   • Target 9.4: By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes.

     This target is central to the article, which describes the transition to electric military vehicles, the use of bio-based lubricants, sustainable construction methods, and the adoption of low-energy production techniques by defense firms like BAE Systems.

   • Target 9.5: Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, encouraging innovation.

     The article highlights numerous R&D initiatives, such as the U.S. DoD’s Sustainable Technology Evaluation and Demonstration (STED), the UK’s Defence and Security Accelerator (DASA) funding startups, and the EU’s European Defence Fund (EDF) promoting innovation.

3. SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

   • Target 12.4: By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle… and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment.

     This is addressed by the development of “compostable munitions,” “environmentally safe propellants,” and “non-toxic propellants” that reduce harmful substance exposure and ecological harm. The use of lifecycle assessments (LCAs) by defense firms also aligns with this target.

   • Target 12.5: By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse.

     This is identified through the mention of circular economy approaches, such as Rheinmetall’s reprocessing of composite substances and the startup Uplift360’s work on recycling obsolete Kevlar vests and recovering carbon fibers, turning waste into reusable materials.

4. SDG 13: Climate Action

   • Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries.

     The article argues that sustainable transitions enhance operational capacities by “mitigating environmental risks and reinforcing infrastructure durability.” The UAE Armed Forces’ climate strategy is cited as being crucial for maintaining resilience against climate-related operational threats.

   • Target 13.3: Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning.

     This is implied through the creation of strategic frameworks and policies by the UK, EU, UAE, and NATO that embed climate considerations into military doctrine, planning, and procurement, thereby increasing institutional capacity to address climate change.

5. SDG 15: Life on Land

   • Target 15.5: Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species.

     The article mentions that biodegradable munitions minimize pollution and “long-term environmental harm” in training areas and combat zones. Brazil’s “Projeto Verde Brasil” is a direct application of military capacity to “aid in deforestation control” and conduct “ecological monitoring” in the Amazon, directly addressing the degradation of a critical natural habitat.

6. SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

   • Target 16.6: Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels.

     The article links sustainability to institutional credibility, stating that UN Peacekeeping missions have included “ecological accountability as a central aspect of their functions” to reinforce their credibility. The concept of “eco-deterrence” is framed as a way for militaries to build reputations as “reliable global partners,” thus strengthening their institutional legitimacy.

7. SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals

   • Target 17.17: Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships.

     This is exemplified by the numerous collaborations mentioned: NATO’s Smart Energy Program involving member states, the EU’s PESCO and EDF frameworks for allied nations, the U.S. DoD working with the Department of Energy, and the UK’s DASA funding the private startup Uplift360.

3. Are there any indicators mentioned or implied in the article that can be used to measure progress towards the identified targets?

1. SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

   • Financial Savings: The potential to save “$170 million yearly” by the U.S. DoD through the adoption of energy-efficient systems.
   • Renewable Energy Adoption: The successful test flights of a JAS 39 Gripen using a “blend of jet fuel and plant-derived biofuel with no impact on performance.”
   • Energy Production Capacity: The H2Rescue prototype’s ability to provide “25 kilowatts of uninterrupted energy production spanning 72 hours.”

2. SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

   • Efficiency Gains: A bio-based cleaner for firearms resulted in a “50% decrease in firearm maintenance time” and “less carbon buildup.”
   • Electrification Goals: The U.S. Army’s “Electric Vehicle Transition Plan” aims for the electrification of vehicle fleets by 2035, and the UK military aims to “fully deploy hybrid-electric prototypes” by 2025.

3. SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

   • Waste Reduction/Recycling: The initiative by Uplift360 to recycle “obsolete Kevlar vests” that were “previously burned or trashed,” re-entering them into manufacturing cycles.
   • Adoption of Sustainable Practices: The use of “Lifecycle assessments (LCAs)” by defense firms like BAE Systems to appraise ecological consequences.

4. SDG 13: Climate Action

   • Emission Reduction Targets: NATO’s stated objective of achieving “carbon neutrality by 2050.”
   • Policy Integration: The implementation of strategic documents like the UK’s “Climate Change and Sustainability Strategic Framework” and the EU’s “Strategic Compass 2025,” which enforce environmental metrics for military procurements.

5. SDG 15: Life on Land

   • Reduced Environmental Contamination: The development of “lead-free ammunition” and “biodegradable munitions” that break down into harmless substances, reducing soil and water pollution.
   • Ecosystem Monitoring: The use of “airborne surveillance, terrestrial and fluvial checkpoints” and “satellite-connected observation mechanisms” by the Brazilian military to control deforestation.

6. SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

   • Inclusion in Mandates: The inclusion of ecological accountability in the regulatory documents of UN Peacekeeping missions, making it essential for “overall effectiveness.”

7. SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals

   • Number of Collaborative Initiatives: The existence of multiple partnership-based programs like NATO’s Smart Energy Program, the EU’s PESCO, and the joint DoD-Department of Energy H2Rescue project serve as an indicator of active collaboration.

4. Table of SDGs, Targets, and Indicators

Source: trendsresearch.org